For example, insect wings are typically not rigid and deform during flight, and the wing hinge, connecting the wing to the insect body, is flexible. Obtaining accurate results using this approach requires a 3D model that mimics the insect and its DOFs very faithfully. This approach, first applied for flies in, was used in later works (e.g., ) for analyzing many flight events. (5) Model-based methods fit a 3D insect model by projecting it onto the camera planes and matching the projections to the data images or by fitting the model to a 3D hull. The hull is segmented into body and wings voxels, from which the insect degrees of freedom (DOFs) are extracted. (4) Hull reconstruction methods generate a 3D hull of the insect by tracing the rays from each pixel in each camera view. (3) Structured light illumination has been used to track dragonfly wings and their deformation but is currently limited to large insects. This method might require gluing markers on the insect wings, might suffer from marker occlusion, and often requires manual input. (2) Landmarks tracking of feature points on the insect body and wings. (1) Manual tracking, where a 3D model of the insect is manually fitted to individual frames, is relatively accurate but extremely laborious. Current tracking methods can be divided into several categories.
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